Dad’s plan to liberate HK PoWs

After Dad’s escape from Hong Kong he was posted to the wartime capital, Chongqing, as Assistant Military Attaché in August 1942. I had seen, in his diary entry for November 26th 1942, a few sentences about his ‘Great Thought’ – a plan to liberate the Hong Kong PoWs. The plan was worked up between Dad, Col Ride of the British Army Aid Group (BAAG) and US General Chennault’s Chief of Staff, Col Merian Cooper.

Text from Major John Monro MC RA  diary entry dated November 26th 1942: Cooper came to lunch today. Afterwards we had a long discussion on the intelligence he required and the steps to be taken to prevent news of American Airforce movements on the Kweilin airfield leaking to the enemy. Finally Cooper, Ride and I went out onto the balcony for a long talk. As a result of this Ride and I stayed up most of the night concocting a plan.

I knew that the plan had been approved at the highest level, finally agreed at the Washington Conference in May 1943 by the heads of the Allied Powers. I also knew that the plan had been scuppered by a spat between Generals Stilwell and Chennault, that resulted in resources being diverted away from the USAAF to serve the needs of the land war in Burma. Without air support the plan was impossible to execute. But I had never seen the plan or had any idea what it actually involved.

Yesterday I received details of the plan from a colleague in Hong Kong. It seems that the intention was to liberate all the PoWs held in the various camps in Kowloon and on Hong Kong Island, using British paratroopers, with Chinese BAAG and guerrilla forces and Allied air and sea support. It needed a co-ordinated, top secret, surprise attack, with air control being key to success. The Japanese believed they were entirely secure in Hong Kong and had a limited ‘occupying’ force rather than a ‘defence’ force. To succeed this would have to be a one-shot effort, as Japanese troops would be increased in response to the first raid, making it much more difficult for any subsequent raid.

Most interesting to me was an original document written by Dad in Delhi, in July 1942, before he even arrived back in China. In it he gives a strategic analysis of the liberation concept, with considerations and pros and cons given for 10 dimensions of the proposal. From my years working in marketing strategy and business planning this seems remarkably familiar! His stated object is “To get prisoners out of the internment camps at Hong Kong.” His analysis considers:

  • Physical condition of prisoners
  • Guarding of camps
  • Reprisals and the use of force
  • Japanese troops defending Hong Kong
  • Terrain
  • Political issues
  • Forces to be employed in a raid
  • Pros and Cons if we go on as we are
  • Pros and Cons if we make a limited raid
  • Pros and Cons if we make a full raid

It is a tragedy that the plan never came to fruition. It might have saved the lives of about 4000 European PoWs and 2500 Indian PoWs held in Hong Kong in 1943. The final ‘no go’ letter from India Command, Directorate of Military Intelligence, dated December 1943, says: “It is regretted that the resources available in the form of air transport preclude such an operation being carried out at this stage of the war against Japan. The implications of this decision are fully realised but there is no alternative.”

Remembrance Day 2023

For Remembrance Day 2023, the Royal British Legion have included in their annual newsletter a four page feature on Dad’s story. They approached me back in the summer, asking if they could highlight his adventures in Hong Kong and China in the Second World War. I provided some images and extracts from Stranger In My Heart and they did the rest. They have titled his story ‘The other Great Escape.’ I’m really pleased with it because the Far East is often neglected in remembrance of WW2 and the Battle of Hong Kong almost never gets a mention.

I was pleased to see that the newsletter also includes stories from Commonwealth veterans, another neglected group in the story of the Second World War. The Royal British Legion is dedicated to supporting service veterans and their families, providing support for those with mental or physical health issues or financial worries.

Everyone who has served has made sacrifices and endured suffering for the benefit of all of us. They don’t all have dramatic stories like Dad’s, many suffered as PoWs or have served in supporting roles, but they all did their bit. Let us remember them and show our gratitude. And this year, the poppy is entirely plastic free!

New Edition

Stranger In My Heart was published by Unbound in 2018. The rights have now reverted to me and I have created a new edition of the book. Unbound ran out of copies and I only have a few original, author signed copies left to offer (see sidebar for details). The new edition is available as an ebook or paperback on Amazon.

I corrected a few mistakes from the old edition and created a new cover, based on a photograph that I took in Yunnan in 2015. For me it represents the bridge between generations, spanning time and space and connecting the people at each end. The building in the middle is the meeting place, where we can learn about each other and build our relationship. Red is the colour of luck, joy and celebration in Chinese culture, so I wanted to include that in the design.

The content is as it was before, but I wanted to ensure that the book remains available, even if distribution is limited to Amazon. I have learned a lot about how to format a document for ebook and paperback! It is quite fiddly and extremely time consuming, but Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP, Amazon’s publishing arm) provides helpful explanations of how to do it all.

In October the Royal British Legion will be sending a newsletter out to all their supporters, in preparation for Remembrance Day. It will include Dad’s story, which is quite an honour. I hope some of the readers will find their way to this website to learn a bit more about Dad. He was a lifelong member of RBL and I think he would be pleased to see his story reach an audience of his peers.

81st Anniversary of the Battle of Hong Kong

On 8th December 2022 it is the 81st anniversary of the Battle of Hong Kong. Let’s just pause for a moment and remember all of those who suffered and died in the battle and in the long years of internment afterwards.

Dad’s diary entries show that right up until the bombing started, there was a sense of denial that the colony could be about to go to war, 6 hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor:

7th December 1941: This morning when I went to the office, I found that the situation had worsened.  I don’t really believe that anyone thinks that it will come to anything.  We have had so many flaps and lived in a state of tension for so long that we have become blasé.  We live only for the day when the rather annoying precautions that interfere with our private amusements are once more considered unnecessary.  This is more serious than most.  The Hong Kong Regiment have been ordered to get their ammunition onto their mainland positions.

About 6:00am on Monday 8th I was woken up, called to the telephone and told that war was imminent with Japan.  By the time I got to H.Q. we were at war.  About 8:00am the first Japanese bombers came over.  They did a lot of damage at the Aerodrome, destroying 7 C.N.A.C. planes, The Clipper, most of the RAF planes and the two Walruses.  They were unopposed.  The volunteer A.A. platoon had drawn no ammunition, I suppose because the day before was a Sunday.  The gunboat supposed to be in the seaplane anchorage was being used for something else.  The Japs made rapid progress down the Taipo Road, and by the evening we were back in Shatin.  H.Q. were gravely disappointed with the Stanley guns.  They have shot too big a line, boasted that they could get almost to Taipo, in actual fact they can only reach about 1500 yards beyond Shatin Station.  We were unable to answer several calls for fire as the targets have been out of range. All the demolitions were successful though we were asked to shoot at the Brothers Point “blow” as the slide had been checked by a retaining wall. Mt. Davis fired five rounds but with what effect we could not tell.

Allied Hong Kong defences were ill prepared and underestimated the enemy’s strength, skill and experience. But Hong Kong’s fall had long been seen as inevitable. In January 1941, PM Winston Churchill had said:

If Japan goes to war there is not the slightest chance of holding Hong Kong or relieving it. It is most unwise to increase the loss we shall suffer there. Instead of increasing the garrison it ought to be reduced. Japan will think twice before declaring war on the British Empire, and whether there are two or six battalions at Hong Kong will make no difference. I wish we had fewer troops there, but to move any would be noticeable and dangerous.

For more first hand accounts of the battle of Hong Kong visit the Gwulo Old Hong Kong Website and to learn how the battle progressed between 8th and 25th December 1941 see the interactive map at Hong Kong Baptist University’s website.

Happy Birthday!

Stranger In My Heart is 4 years old today and not looking too shabby! Happy birthday too to Dad, who would be 108 today. Get your hands on a copy of the paperback for a special birthday price of £9.99 including UK postage and packing. Offer ends soon! Click on the button on the right of this page to order.

Since the last anniversary my mother has passed away, the last of that generation in my wider family. What I notice is the shift in my status from a younger person with living parents to a member of the older generation. I suppose I could have detected that from the wrinkles and grey hairs but it needed my mother’s death to confirm it! I carry forward her common sense, community spirit, hospitality and some skills in the kitchen, garden and with a sewing machine.

I wonder how we will all feel when Her Majesty the Queen passes on? She has been a constant in all our lives and I don’t think we quite realise how much of a loss it will be when she goes. She’s such a symbol of steadfast continuity as well as being a beacon of integrity, diligence, fortitude and grace. In a tumultuous period of change and chaos we rest on those few things that are constant in our lives and they give us strength. It was also wonderful to experience the sense of unity generated by the platinum jubilee, after the last few years of almost tribal division in the UK. We can carry forward these values in our hearts as we face the challenges to come.

I hope Stranger In My Heart has resonance for people today, giving readers an insight into how the wartime generation coped with threat and uncertainty. I feel that unity was a big part of that, along with resilience, resourcefulness and a strong sense of purpose. More values that we can benefit from today, when it is easy to feel overwhelmed and anxious about the future.

This post has ended up being more about death than birth, but that’s the cycle of life!

HK80

On 8th December 2021 it is the 80th anniversary of the the Battle of Hong Kong (HK80), the point of Britain’s entry into the Pacific War. To commemorate the day I have written a blog post for the Researching FEPOW History Group website. Please click the link and have a read.

Battle of Hong Kong 1941

You may remember that a wee while ago I appeared on BBCR4’s Saturday Live show. A couple of weeks ago I received an email via the website from a lady called Sarah, saying she’d heard my interview and was desperate for a few copies of my book but couldn’t find any. Unfortunately she hadn’t noticed the opportunity to buy a copy that appears on the sidebar on the right of the page. Anyway, I emailed back, asking how many she wanted and offering to put some copies in the post. I didn’t hear anything for a couple of days and, as she has an unusual surname, I thought I’d look her up to see if I could find an address for her. To my surprise she lives about ten minutes walk from my house! I went to find it but couldn’t find the correct house name. I knocked on a likely looking door:

‘Is this the White House?’ I asked

‘Yes’ said a surprised looking man in his 70s

‘Are you Mr X?’

‘I might be…’ I could see him wondering who on earth I might be and not coming to any happy conclusions.

‘Is your wife called Sarah?’ Now he was intrigued.

‘Is she looking for some copies of this book?’

‘Oh! Come in, come in.’ We had a nice chat and Sarah called me later to say it was the most extraordinary coincidence of their lives. Another happy customer.

I have recently taken part in #HistoryWritersDay on Twitter which generated some interest. It was the brainchild of @books2cover and he managed to get 250 writers/publishers involved to create a bit of a splash. Great idea and one that I hope will be repeated.

Move Over Dad

I realise that it is almost Remembrance Day, 11 November, when we commemorate our war dead, but I’d like to remember my sister Kathy on what would have been her 70th birthday, 9 November 2021. Her life was cut short by cancer at the age of 35, so she has now been dead almost as long as she was alive.

Inevitably one remembers the last few years, from the shock of diagnosis, the determined liveliness that followed, before the gradual shedding of her powers that led inexorably towards her parting. She died at home, very early on the morning of 2 January 1987, surrounded by family. She spent much of her illness at home on the farm, running a Christmas tree business and travelling to Hungary with our mother for a last adventure. The house almost became a hotel, with streams of Kathy’s friends visiting her, usually with a challenging range of special dietary requirements that Mum gallantly catered for.

Kathy, centre, with James in front and me behind

We didn’t have an easy relationship. Kathy was feisty and contrary, bright and adventurous and she thought I was the most boring, unimaginative person alive, contentedly plodding along life’s conventional track. It’s true that I had it easy – she was 12 years my senior and shook our parents to the core with her tempestuous and unconventional nature. She blazed a trail that handed me freedoms that she had had to fight for. I was in awe of her and some of her ardent feminism rubbed off on me, along with her outrage at injustice to the vulnerable and dispossessed.

Kathy travelled widely, doing whatever work she could find. She worked in Falkirk as a seed potato inspector and she also lived in Leith for a while in the 1970s. I work at a clinic in Leith – now the swanky port area of Edinburgh but in those days a slum following the decline of its industries (whaling, lead, herring fishing, shipbuilding). Leithers are a proud and independent people, with an international outlook and culture, probably making Kathy feel quite at home. Latterly Kathy lived overseas, in Hong Kong and Egypt, after training as a teacher of English as a foreign language. Egypt and Arabic fascinated her and it was when she was studying Arabic and Islamic Studies at Durham University that she was diagnosed with pancreatic and liver cancer. She completed her degree, gaining a 2.2 in spite of feeling extremely unwell. Her ambition had been to go to Yemen to work with women’s groups there but her illness denied her this opportunity.

Kathy at Giza

She never married or had children and I wonder whether she would have been a perpetual nomad, had she lived. Friends and boyfriends were fiercely loyal to her but she was restless, always had itchy feet. I also wonder if she would have mellowed at all. I sort of hope not – I can picture her campaigning for refugees, or women’s rights, determined to make the world a better place. I’d like to think she’s resting in peace, but that’s not really her style.

Cooper Connection

I recently visited the Modern Art gallery in Edinburgh to see the Ray Harryhausen exhibition. He was an animator and creator of special effects for films such as One Million Years BC and Jason and the Argonauts. It turns out that he was inspired by the film King Kong (1933) made by Merian Cooper. You may remember that Cooper features in Stranger In My Heart, as during the Second World War he was made Chief of Staff to Gen. Claire Chennault of the USAF in China.

Cooper was a forward thinker and supported Chennault in creating a plan to defeat the Japanese using air power. Part of this plan involved retaking Hong Kong and thereby liberating the PoWs there, which was Dad’s ambition. Dad realised that rescuing troops unfit to fight would not be a strategic priority but, as part of a wider plan with the support of the Americans, it might have worked. Dad and Cooper had several meetings to build the plan in November 1942 and it was presented to the Heads of Government at the Washington Conference in May 1943. Although the plan was approved it never achieved the necessary resources to deliver it and the PoWs continued to suffer till the end of the war.

Post-war, Cooper made many films with his directing partner, John Ford, including Mighty Joe Young (1949) with Ray Harryhausen’s animated special effects.

advertising poster for Mighty Joe Young (1949)

It was interesting to see Harryhausen’s work and to discover the connection with Merian Cooper. There were some amazing models featured in the exhibition, see below. It’s on till Feb 2022 so if you’re in Edinburgh, go and see it!

Interactive Map of the Battle of Hong Kong

Prof Kwong Chi Man of Hong Kong Baptist University and his fellow researchers have now launched their interactive map of the Battle of Hong Kong. This will be a wonderful resource for anyone searching for information about any aspect of the battle, from the positions of pillboxes to details about key characters in the battle. The map allows you to run the timeline of the battle, with the key events described (in English and Chinese) and shown on the map. You can zoom in and out as you please. Here is a screenshot to illustrate:

interactive map of the Battle of Hong Kong from HKBU

If you click on ‘Faces of War’ at the bottom left, it gives you a snapshot biography of key characters in the battle, showing where they were based or lost their lives. Below is the start of the entry for Dad, as an example.

entry for John Monro on HKBU interactive map of the battle of Hong Kong

This project has taken ten years to come to fruition and it is a very impressive achievement.

Saturday Live

I was thrilled to be a guest on BBC R4’s Saturday Live show this weekend. You can listen to it on BBC Sounds if you missed the live show. It gave me a great opportunity to mention the forthcoming 80th anniversary of the Battle of Hong Kong, as well as talking about Dad’s story and my book. Sadly, they didn’t give me time to talk about Dad’s role as Assistant Military Attaché in Chongqing and his efforts to support and liberate the PoWs he’d left behind in Hong Kong.

My friend Joanna nominated me as a guest for the show, unbeknown to me. She rang me when the producer got back to her and said they were interested. I remember saying WHAT??!! several times, as it came totally out of the blue. I wish I’d thought of it myself when the book was first launched but it seemed over ambitious at the time.

As you can imagine I was quite nervous about appearing on the show. The BBC sent me a headset to use and we did sound checks beforehand, so far, so good. Then at 3 minutes to 9am Zoom dropped me out of the meeting. I had to force quit Zoom, reload it and then rejoin the meeting in time to go on air at 09.02am. By this time my heart was pounding in my chest and my system was flooded with adrenaline and cortisol! They’d told me I would be first guest but I was very relieved that in the end they interviewed me just before the 10am news. Safe to say that’s the first time I have spoken to an audience of 2.4 million listeners.

Rev Richard Coles and Mary Monro, Saturday Live 28/8/21
Interview with Rev Richard Coles on BBC R4 Saturday Live

I had a photograph of Dad next to the computer screen to remind me that talking to people on the radio requires less courage than escaping across China during a war. He smiled at me encouragingly and I hope he’d think I did a good job.